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Council of Four Lands
The Council of Four Lands (''Va'ad Arba' Aratzot'') in Lublin, Poland was the central body of Jewish authority in Poland from 1580 to 1764. Seventy delegates from local ''kehillot'' met to discuss taxation and other issues important to the Jewish community. The "four lands" were Greater Poland, Little Poland, Ruthenia and Volhynia.
The terms "Council of Three Lands" and "Council of Five Lands" and more have also been used for the same body. In 1623 the Jewish communities from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania withdrew from the "Council of Four Lands" and established the "Council of the Land of Lithuania".
==Place in Jewish European life==
The great number of the Jewish population of Poland, its importance in the industrial life of the country, and the peculiarities of the political and class organization of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were the reasons why the Jews of Poland formed a separate class enjoying liberal autonomy within the sphere of their communal and spiritual interests, the outcome of which was their exemplary communal organization. A Jewish community, with its administrative, judicial, religious, and charitable institutions, constituted a unit of self-government. The term ''"Kahal"'' denoted both the community (a community was also known as a Kahilah Kadisha or Holy Community) and the autonomous communal administration, the two concepts being identical. The administrative functions: the assessment of state and communal taxes, the supervision of charitable institutions, etc. of the ''Kahal'' were performed by elective ''Kahal'' elders, while its rabbis ("doctores Judæorum") had charge of religious and judicial affairs.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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